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James P. "Jim" Grant (May 12, 1922 – January 28, 1995) was an American statesman and children's advocate. Grant served for 15 years as the third executive director of the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), with the rank of Under Secretary-General. Grant was born in Beijing as a Canadian citizen. He lived in China until the age of 15, where his father, John Black Grant, was the first professor of Public Health at the Rockefeller Foundation funded Peking Union Medical College. Grant attended the University of California, Berkeley, graduating in 1943 in economics. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen after World War II, and in 1951 graduated from Harvard Law School. Grant began his international civil service in the late 1940s working in China with the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. In 1962, was named Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near East and South Asian Affairs and deputy director of the International Cooperation Administration, the precursor to the United States Agency for International Development. From 1964 until 1967 Grant served as the USAID Mission Director in Turkey. In 1967 he was appointed the Assistant Administrator of USAID for Southeast Asia, a position he held until 1969. After he left USAID in 1969 he formed the Overseas Development Council, becoming its president and CEO. Grant left the ODC after being appointed UNICEF executive director. He served in that position from January 1980 to January 1995. As Marcos Cueto mentioned in article, "Under Grant's dynamic leadership, UNICEF began to back away from a holistic approach to primary health care. Grant believed that international agencies had to do their best with finite resources and short-lived local political opportunities. This meant translating general goals into time-bound specific actions. A few years later, Grant organized a UNICEF book that proposed a “children’s revolution” and explained the 4 inexpensive interventions contained in GOBI." 〔Cueto, Marcos. 2004. The ORIGINS of Primary Health Care and SELECTIVE Primary Health Care. Am J Public Health 94 (11):1864-1874.〕 On August 8, 1994, he was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President William Clinton. Grant was diagnosed with cancer in May 1993, but continued to lead UNICEF until he resigned on January 23, 1995 and died a few days later, at age 72. Nicholas D. Kristof wrote in 2008 that Grant, "a little-known American aid worker," had "probably saved more lives than were destroyed by Hitler, Mao, and Stalin combined" through his promotion of vaccinations and diarrhea treatments.〔Kristof, Nicolas D. "(Good News: Karlo Will Live )." ''New York Times'' 6 March 2008.〕 ==Social Entrepreneurship== James P. Grant recognized a problem that he was very passionate to reduce when he read Jon Rohde’s lecture, “Why the Other Half Dies.” Rohde’s lecture helped Grant realize that each year, “14 million children under the age of five died. And the great majority died at home from diarrhea, pneumonia, malnutrition, and immunizable diseases.” 〔David Bornstein (2007). How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and The Power of New Ideas New York: Oxford University Press pp. 248〕 What caught James P. Grant’s attention was the fact that most child deaths could be completely prevented in cheap and simple ways. 〔David Bornstein (2007). How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas New York: Oxford University Press pp. 248〕 Grant’s vision was that, “Morality must march with capacity.” 〔David Bornstein (2007). How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas New York: Oxford University Press pp. 250〕 He was disgusted that very little had been done to help prevent countless children from dying from very preventable causes, so he took it upon himself and the organization which he was head of, Unicef, to, “() and () a worldwide campaign to make simple, low-cost health solutions available to children everywhere.” 〔David Bornstein (2007). How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas New York: Oxford University Press pp. 247〕 In 1982, Grant and Unicef launched the, “child survival revolution” and unveiled a simple but effective strategy for reducing child fatality. His strategy was known as GOBI-FFF: “G for growth monitoring to detect undernutrition in small children, O for oral rehydration therapy to treat childhood diarrhea, B to encourage breastfeeding (which had declined precipitously due to working mothers and the marketing of infant formula), and I for immunization against the six basic childhood diseases: tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, and measles. (They added two Fs: food supplements and family planning; and, later, a third: female education.)” 〔David Bornstein (2007). How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas New York: Oxford University Press pp. 250〕 It is estimated that the child vaccination increased from 20 to 80 percent worldwide in 1990 because of Grant’s “child survival revolution.” 〔Maggie Black, Children First: The Story of UNICEF, Past and Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 33; see also UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children 1986 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 5.〕 It is also estimated that simple procedures prevented deaths from immunizable diseases and severe dehydration for about 4 million children in 1992. 〔UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children 1992 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 5-11.〕 Countless people were saved from a life of disabilities such as polio (An estimated 3 million people saved), blindness from lack of Vitamin A (An estimated million people saved), and brain damaged caused from iodine deficiencies (An estimated 10 million people saved). 〔Peter Adamson, “The Mad American,” in Richard Jolly ed., Jim Grant: UNICEF Visionary (Florence, Italy: UNICEF, 2002), 33.〕 It was because of James Grant and his vision, passion and resourcefulness, along with the strength of his conviction and his will to make a difference that these changes were able to take place. 〔See Black, Children First, xiv-xv. Maggie Black, who has extensively documented Unicef’s work, has written: “Under Grant’s leadership, Unicef became an instrument for making things happen that were much larger and more significant that iys size or character would ever have given grounds to expect. Some of this may be fortuitous; some is certainly due to people all over the world who made Grant’s cause their cause and labored to fulfill his vision… but much of it is due to him-to his energy, his optimism, his acuity, his unconventionality, his lack of self-importance, his capacity to transcend and to circumvent so as to keep his and others’ eyes on the prize, and his refusal to accept that the undoable could not be done.”〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「James P. Grant」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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